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| 1925 |
| | | 23-year-old German physicist Werner Heisenberg publishes his ground-breaking theory of quantum mechanics | |
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| 1925 |
| | | Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli formulates his exclusion principle, stating that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers | |
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| 1927 |
| | | Werner Heisenberg publishes his Uncertainty Principle, declaring that it is impossible to define precisely the position and momentum of a sub-atomic particle | |
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| 1930 |
| | | Wolfgang Pauli announces his mathematical proof of the existence of the particle subsequently known as the neutrino | |
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| 1930 |
| | | British theoretical physicist Paul Dirac predicts the existence of an anti-particle of the electron, first observed two years later and named the positron | |
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| 1932 |
| | | John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton are the first to split an atom, by bombarding it with accelerated protons | |
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| 1932 |
| | | British physicist James Chadwick shows that the behaviour of subatomic particles can be explained by the existence of neutrons, or particles with no electrical charge | |
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| 1934 |
| | | Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie discover artificial radioactivity | |
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| 1939 |
| | | German physicists, led by Otto Hahn, announce their discovery of nuclear fission | |
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| 1939 August 2 |
| | | German-born US physicist Albert Einstein writes to President Roosevelt, warning of the potential of an atomic bomb | |
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